In many instances, I was asked, “Attorney, is it true that if I die without a will, the government will get everything that I own?” For many times also, I have heard someone giving advice to another, “You should have a will or else kukunin lahat ng gobyerno ang nga ari-arian mo pag ikaw ay namatay na. Kawawa naman ang mga anak mo.”
Totoo bang mapupunta sa gobyerno ang mga ari-arian mo kung ikaw ay namatay nang walang iniwang last will and testament? Let me qualify my answer. No, if you have legal heirs who are entitled to inherit from you by operation of law. Yes, if you don’t have a single legal heir at all. Let me explain.
Under our Philippine law on succession, which is Chapter III of the Civil Code of the Philippines, kung ang tao ay namatay at siya ay may iniwang will o last will and testament, ang tawag po dyan ay testamentary succession. As long as the will is valid, both intrinsically at extrinsically, ang will ang masusunod kung paano hahati-hatiin ang mana sa mga tagapagmanang binanggit sa will o huling habilin.
· Ang ibig sabihin naman ng “extrinsically valid” ay kung ang will ay ginawa ng naaayon sa formal requirements ng batas. Halimbawa, kung ito ay holographic will, dapat sulat kamay ito ng testator o yung nagpamana. Meaning, entirely handwritten. Otherwise, hindi ito valid. Kung notarial will naman ito, dapat may mga instrumental witnesses ito na nakapirma sa lahat ng pages ng will, without which, hindi rin ito valid. Marami po ang requirements ng notarial will and you will really need the help of a lawyer there because it must be notarized.
Kung walang utang na iniwan ang namatay, mas mainam ang extrajudicial partition of estate because it is not as complicated, as tedious and as costly as the judicial settlement or partition. Kung nag-iisa lang ang tagapagmana, ang tawag doon sa dokumentong kailangan nyang i-execute to settle the estate ay affidavit of self-adjudication.
- Unang-una ay yung mga nasa descending direct line. Sila yung mga children and their descendants. Meaning, yung mga anak at ang mga apo. Pababa po yan.
- Pangalawa, kung walang child or descendant, ang magmamana ay yung mga nasa ascending direct line, such as the parents or in their default, the grandparents. Mga magulang o ang mga lolo at lola. Pataas naman po yan.
"Art. 962. In every inheritance, the relative nearest in degree excludes the more distant ones, saving the right of representation when it properly takes place.
Relatives in the same degree shall inherit in equal shares, subject to the provisions of article 1006 with respect to relatives of the full and half blood, and of Article 987, paragraph 2, concerning division between the paternal and maternal lines. (912a)"
"Art. 961. In default of testamentary heirs, the law vests the
inheritance, in accordance with the rules hereinafter set forth, in the
legitimate and illegitimate relatives of the deceased, in the surviving spouse,
and in the State. (913a)"
"SUBSECTION 6. - The State
"Art. 1011. In default of persons entitled to succeed in accordance
with the provisions of the preceding Sections, the State shall inherit the
whole estate. (956a)"
Needless to say, it is not
correct to say that the all the property of the deceased person will go to the
government if he or she dies without a will.
This could have resulted from
a confusion or misinterpretation. The
word “estate” and “state” are different. Ang sinasabi po ng batas is that, kung
ang isang tao ay namatay, all the property that a deceased person leaves behind
shall form part of the estate. And this
estate shall be distributed to the qualified heirs of the deceased person,
whether through a testamentary succession or intestate succession.
But if you want to decide on who gets more of the free portion of the inheritance, then, you need a will. Remember, you can dispose only of the free portion of the inheritance. You cannot deprive your compulsory heirs of their legitimes unless you disinherit them for a valid ground, also in your will.
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